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Editor:
Tonya Allen
allen@pop.psu.edu
PRInformation Fall 1997 - Focus on Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Contents
- Note from the Director
- Faculty Focus
- Staff News
- Student News
- Alumni News
- Focus on Geographic Information Systems
- Articles of Interest
- New External Research Funding at PRI
- Selected Publications
Demographers here and elsewhere have had a longstanding interest in the spatial distribution of demographic groups and processes (e.g., high fertility in developing countries). PRI researchers, for example, have studied the persistence of racial neighborhood segregation, growing geographically-concentrated poverty, changing income inequality within and between communities, and spatial inequalities in health and mortality. Moreover, there is a growing appreciation that childhood development takes place in geographic "context;" i.e., that children's emotional and cognitive development are affected by exposure to different kinds of environments (e.g., growing up in a poor neighborhood). Other research in PRI has measured demographic "shortages of marriageable partners" and its implications for declining marriage rates and rising nonmarital fertility. Still others have been concerned with the effects of rapid population growth on the environment -- deforestation, pollution, and agricultural and residential land use. It seems clear that population processes are linked in fundamental ways to spatial context, yet most existing data sources lack relevant geographic-based data from which to study such relationships.
The PRI has responded to this data need and to emerging research questions by initiating a new research core -- Geographic Information and Analysis (GIA) Core -- aimed at helping researchers link individual survey or census data to other geo-referenced databases, estimate multi-level models of contextual effects, and develop new mapping and visual techniques for data exploration. This new initiative was made possible in part through additional funding from NICHD that resulted from our recent successful renewal for core center support. The PRI has established a GIA lab with a small technical staff, state-of-the-art GIS software (e.g., ArcView), and hardware (e.g., a dedicated server, Global Positioning Systems [GPS] devices, and a map digitizer).
The scientific benefits have already been obvious from several ongoing demographic projects. For example, Dr. Linda Burton (human development and family studies, sociology) has been able to build "neighborhoods" from census block data which reflect survey respondents' own definitions (rather than the Census Bureau's) of neighborhood boundaries. Dr. William Axinn (sociology), in research on environmental degradation in Nepal, has linked many different geo-referenced data sets on soil conditions, climate, and topography to community survey data. This was made possible from knowing the exact global coordinates (i.e., latitude and longitude) of villages from PRI's newly-acquired GPS devices. Dr. Mark Hayward (sociology and gerontology) and Dr. Diane McLaughlin (rural sociology) have linked information on geographical access to health care (e.g., physicians, hospital beds, etc.) to county-level indicators of health and mortality. These early demographic applications are encouraging, but even more exciting perhaps have been the novel applications that are part of proposed research projects now in review -- projects dealing with neighborhood effects on childhood academic achievement, with spatial variation in crime and delinquency, and with geographic access to good jobs among welfare mothers.
The achievements of PRI's GIA initiative are briefly highlighted in this issue of PRInformation. For additional information about this new research core, check our WWW site at www.pop.psu.edu. We look forward to your comments and questions. Place is destiny!
Daniel T. Lichter
Director
Editorial Board Appointments
Dr. Alan Booth, professor of sociology, has been appointed to the editorial board of Social Forces, "an international journal of social research associated with the Southern Sociological Society." The appointment is three years in duration.
Dr. Mark Hayward, professor of sociology and gerontology, has been invited to serve a three-year term as associate editor of the Journal of Health and Social Behavior, a publication of the American Sociological Association. He will also join the editorial board of the Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences (Gerontological Society of America), in which capacity he will be charged with reviewing approximately six new manuscripts each year.
Shapiro on Sabbatical
Dr. David Shapiro, associate professor of economics and women's studies, will spend his sabbatical year writing a book integrating and extending work performed over the last eight years with Dr. B.O. Tambashe (Tulane University) on women's education, employment and fertility behavior in Kinshasa, Zaire. During his sabbatical, travel and work will take him to the Institute of Demography at Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium; the New Economic School in Moscow; the Population Council's African Population Policy Research Center in Nairobi, Kenya; L'institut de formation et recherche demographique in Yaounde, Cameroon; and Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.
New Economics Associate
Susumu Imai, previously at University of Minnesota, joins PRI as a new associate and Penn State as an instructor in economics. Imai's research interests lie in estimating intertemporal labor supply models, estimating tenure wage profiles, the human capital accumulation, and brand choice models in marketing.
McLaughlin Elected Secretary
Dr. Diane McLaughlin, assistant professor of rural sociology, has been elected to a three-year term as secretary of the Rural Sociological Society.
Joe Broniszewski has been named director of the Computer Core.
Don Gensimore has joined the Computer Core as a programmer. His previous experience includes positions at Penn State's Center for Academic Computing and as the former University representative to ICPSR.
Jeanne Spicer, formerly programmer/analyst at PRI, has been named manager, programming services for PRI's Computer Core.
Lisa Broniszewski, data archivist, represented PRI at the APDU conference in Washington, D.C. and an ICPSR meeting in Ann Arbor, MI in October.
Karen Glyde joins PRI as a research technician in the anthropology laboratory.
John O'Gorman, a Ph.D. student in the Department of Statistics, joined PRI as a statistical consultant in August.
Jason Yarrington (GIA Core technician) has taken a position with the population division of the Bureau of the Census, Boston office.
Sherry Yocum, assistant to the director, attended the Annual Society of Research Administrators meeting in Atlanta, October 3-7, and the NSF Regional Conference in Pittsburgh, October 13-14.
Annie Georges has been awarded a dissertation grant from the American Educational Research Association Grants Program. Her dissertation uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to study the role of education in women's entry into and exit out of poverty.
Melonie Heron has received approval of a National Science Foundation research grant for her study of "The Occupational Attainment of Caribbean Immigrants in the U.S., Canada, and Britain."
David Rain has accepted a position as Geographer-Demographer with the U.S. Bureau of the Census.
New Students in the Graduate Program in Demography
Frank Avenilla, B.A., Development Studies, University of California, Berkeley; M.S. and Ph.D. in human development and family studies/demography
Netra Chhetri, B.Sc., Agriculture, Tribhuvan University (Nepal); M.S. and Ph.D. in geography, demography minor
Purandhar Dhital, M.S., Extension Education, University of the Philippines; M.S. and Ph.D. in agriculture & extension education, demography minor
Rocio Flores, International Law, Universidad de las Americas - Puebla (Mexico); Ph.D. in education theory and policy, demography minor
Justin Fromm, B.A., Sociology, University of Virginia; M.A. and Ph.D. in sociology and demography
Rosario Garcia Calderon, International Relations, Universidad de las Americas (Mexico); Ph.D. in education theory and policy, demography minor
Dirgha Ghimire, B.Sc., Agricultural Education, Tribhuvan University (Nepal); M.A. and Ph.D. in sociology and demography
Michelle Inkley, M.S., Sociology, Brigham Young University; Ph.D. in sociology and demography
Stefan Jonsson, B.A., Psychology, University of Iceland; M.A. and Ph.D. in sociology and demography
Heidi Melz, B.A., Anthropology, SUNY Stony Brook; M.S. and Ph.D. in rural sociology and demography
Marina Nicolaeva, M.A., Education, Moscow State University; Ph.D. in rural sociology and demography
Nicola Standish, B.A., Sociology, Michigan State University; M.A. and Ph.D. in sociology and demography
Qiuyan Wang, B.A., Economics, Beijing Agricultural University; M.S. and Ph.D. in agricultural economics and demography
Incoming Postdoctoral Fellows
Dr. Ann Beutel, who recently received her Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Minnesota, joins PRI as a postdoctoral fellow in the Demography of Aging training program. Her research interests focus on two areas: the determinants and consequences of different family forms; and social values and norms. She has published work on gender differences in the value orientations of adolescents with Peggy Marini, professor of sociology, University of Minnesota.
Dr. Michael Grimes, NIA postdoctoral fellow in anthropology, comes to PRI from the University of Pittsburgh, where he received his Ph.D. this year in biological anthropology. His research interests center on nutrition, physical activity patterns and reproductive physiology, and how these factors may influence women during critical stages in their reproductive careers.
Jennifer Barber (Ph.D., 1997, sociology and demography) is a Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow at the Population Research Center and the Institute for Social Research of the University of Michigan. During her three-year appointment, she will be continuing her research on intergenerational influences on childbearing behavior in the United States, and will also be developing a research agenda to analyze data previously collected with Dr. William G. Axinn in Nepal.
Scott Myers (Ph.D., 1997, sociology and demography) is assistant professor in the Department of Sociology, Iowa State University.
Kristine Witkowski (Ph.D., 1997, sociology and demography) is statistician/demographer with the Education and Social Stratification Branch, Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census.
Gail Johnston (Ph.D., 1997, sociology and demography) is Postdoctoral Fellow in Child Development and Family Studies, Purdue University.
FOCUS ON GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS AT PRI
The GIA Core
The newest of PRI's cores is the Geographic Information and Analysis (GIA) Core. The primary objective of the GIA Core is to apply geographic information systems (GIS) and related technologies (global positioning systems, satellite and remote sensing, etc.) to integrating, displaying, and analyzing geographical or spatial and demographic data. Specifically, the GIA Core provides support to PRI researchers in several areas: GIS programming and technical support, development and application of new analytical methods (data visualization), archival and management of geo-referenced data, production and analysis of census geodemographic maps, and user training. The GIA Core supports both traditional GIS data capture/entry, manipulation, storage and production tasks, such as scanning, digitizing, and printing, as well as the application of spatial analytical techniques (spatio-temporal GIS, spatial statistics, visualization and exploratory data analysis) to demographic research.
Organizational Structure and Resources
The GIA Core is co-directed by Dr. Stephen Matthews, assistant professor of geography, and Dr. Alan MacEachren (professor of geography). Dr. Mark Handcock, associate professor of statistics, and Dr. Donna Peuquet, Dr. Cynthia Brewer and David Di Biase (geography) head a team of Penn State faculty who serve as advisors to the GIA Core. Two graduate students in sociology, Chris Calienes and Jim Cameron, provide assistance to PRI researchers with questions related to geographic data and mapping. During the summer of 1996 the GIA Core was formally established in permanent office/laboratory space in 802 Oswald Tower. This room houses key equipment (a workstation, x-terminals/PCs, a digitizing tablet, and a color laserjet printer), manuals, books and other documentation. In addition to the facilities and personnel that comprise the GIA Core, the latest versions of the leading GIS software packages, ArcInfo 7.0.3 and ArcView 3.0, as well as the options in SAS/GIS, are available on workstations and PCs to all PRI researchers via PopNet, PRI's computer network. Similarly, the GIA Core houses, and provides easy access to, a number of commonly used geographical boundary files that allow users to link and map census demographic data.
GIS Applications at PRI
GIS technologies have emerged rapidly in the last few years with applications in both applied and basic research. The areas of greatest potential for demographers include those focusing explicitly on service provision, and on interactions between population and environment. These areas require the integration of complex data structures, typically of different types of data collected for different geographical units (scales) of analysis, and the creation of new derived spatial variables based on measures such as distance, proximity, contiguity, and adjacency. Projects at PRI, such as the work of Dr. William Axinn, professor of sociology, on the reciprocal relations between population and environment, have begun to make extensive use of the GIA Core to collate and organize both the secondary environmental data (e.g., land use, productivity, soil moisture, and drainage, digitized from topographic map sheets) and primary data collected on 171 neighborhoods in the study (demographic and land use data) and on flora diversity data from forests (128 plots) and common land (145 plots), as well as data from water sources. A combination of surveying techniques and use of global positioning systems (GPS) were key to the locational referencing of the neighborhoods and land parcel plots. In examining service provision, researchers such as Dr. David Ribar, Dr. Mark Wilhelm, and Dr. Stephen Matthews used GIS techniques to calculate accessibility measures to abortion providers, family planning clinics, and ob/gyns. Similarly, in current work Dr. Mark Hayward, professor of sociology and gerontology and Dr. Diane McLaughlin, assistant professor of rural sociology, map 1980 and 1990 labor force participation rates by county, and the change in participation rates, as exploratory analysis to identify geographic concentration of high or low participation among elders, and areas with large increases or decreases over the decade; and Dr. McLaughlin and Dr. Mark Handcock, associate professor of statistics, are mapping areas with high and low income inequality in 1980 and 1990, and subsequently mapping those which have experienced increases and decreases in income inequality over that decade.
Since its inception, the GIA Core has responded to researchers' diverse geographic information and analysis needs by providing value-added information at various stages of PRI-based research projects. Thus, in the creation of data sets, the spatial data handling techniques available within a GIS (e.g., address matching and overlay options) are valuable tools allowing demographers such as Dr. Nancy Landale, associate professor of sociology, to add contextual information (census demographic data at block, tract and county levels) to survey data collected from Puerto Rican mothers and their children. Similarly, Dr. Linda Burton, professor of human development and family studies and professor of sociology, has extensively used GIS to help construct and define new geographic neighborhoods for a study of low-income families in Harrisburg. The GIA Core has also just recently completed geocoding tasks for Dr. Daniel Lichter, professor of sociology and director, Population Research Institute, and Dr. Michael Shanahan, assistant professor of human development and family studies, in their investigation of connections between poverty and well-being among children. Similarly, new derived spatial variables (typically distance measures that previously did not exist in the data) have been created for a variety of projects including research by Dr. William Axinn, professor of sociology, on changing social and economic contexts and proximity to main urban centers in Chitwan, Nepal; and the work of Dr. Gretchen Cornwell, assistant professor of rural sociology, on interactions and relations between children and grandparents. GIS also provides a powerful visualization and analytic tool. Working with Dr. Barrett Lee, professor of sociology, on the ethnic structure of the United States, the GIA Core has produced maps illustrating measures of entropy and dissimilarity. Moreover, the data behind the construction of these maps can be queried quickly using graphic user interface tools that allow for the selective inclusion of data elements or the reclassification of data. Visualization methods provide a new way of looking at the spatial outcomes of demographic models. Over the next few months the GIA Core will be working closely with researchers, such as Dr. Barry Ruback, professor of crime, law and justice, to develop methods for integrating and analyzing crime and demographic data for state and urban scale studies; and with Dr. Lichter, Dr. McLaughlin and Dr. Matthews on a study of the demographic, economic and health profile of the Appalachian Region coupled with forecasting important near- and longer-term social and economic trends.
Information and Instruction
The newly-developed GIA Core home page (http://www.pop.psu.edu/gia-core/gia-core.htm) includes a "help" facility, and consulting hours have been established. The GIA and Information Cores have also worked together to assemble a growing collection of GIS-related publications and resources in the PRI library. The GIA Core offers workshops which introduce new users to demographic applications of GIS, and specifically focus on ArcView applications in basic demographic analysis. More specialized workshops focusing on extracting census data and TIGER files and reading them into ArcView, as well as applications of digitizing and use of GPS, will be offered during the 1997-98 academic year. Many of these workshops are available on-line to all PRI researchers. The GIA Core has also hosted a half-day "Summer Workshop for Minority Partners" coordinated by Dr. Linda Burton, and will continue to explore this longer workshop format for training in-house researchers and participants. In addition, at a pre-conference workshop for the PAA Annual Meeting in Chicago in 1998, the PRI GIA Core staff and colleagues from the Carolina Population Center will co-host a workshop on GIS applications in demography.
In summary, the GIA Core provides PRI researchers with access to the latest GIS software, hardware, and data resources, as well as to skilled technicians. As the examples described above illustrate, there are many ways in which GIS can and does contribute to demographic research. The GIA Core will continue to promote geographic information analysis to demographers, e.g., through the workshop planned for the 1998 PAA Meeting in Chicago, and ultimately through the innovative and informative applications of GIS by PRI faculty. In this latter category, we would include the research by geographers and statisticians at PRI that seeks to develop new GIA-related methods that focus explicitly on data visualization and spatial-temporal analysis. News and updates on the GIA Core and GIA-related research at PRI will appear in future issues of PRInformation.
Stephen Matthews
GIA Core Co-Director
First Annual Workshop on Family Planning
PRI and the Graduate Program in Demography held the First Annual Workshop on Family Planning on August 20-22. The workshop targeted demographers who anticipate working in family-planning related positions in developing countries and others interested in this topic. The stimulus to the development of this workshop was the growing trend of graduate student funding organizations, such as the Hewlett Foundation, to become more policy- and application-oriented. The workshop will be held each year to further participants' knowledge of the complexity and diversity of today's family planning programs.
Fourth Annual Methodology Workshop
Nationally renowned experts in structural equation modeling spoke at the fourth annual PRI-sponsored Methodology Workshop in June. Kenneth Bollen, Zachary Smith Professor of Sociology at the University of North Carolina, presented "An Overview of Structural Equation Models," based in part on his 1989 book Structural Equations with Latent Variables." Frederick Lorenz (professor of sociology and statistics, Iowa State University) demonstrated the fundamental principles of growth curve modeling in "Modeling Growth and Decline with Structural Equations." Dr. D. Wayne Osgood, professor of crime, law and justice and professor of sociology, Penn State University, illustrated this method further in "Structural Equation Modeling: Some Examples."
Computer Core Devises Innovative Data Entry Software
Jeanne Spicer (manager, programming services) has developed a computer program to facilitate data entry for the Chitwan Valley Family Study and the Reciprocal Relations between Population & Environment project, both led by Dr. William Axinn, professor of sociology, and Dr. Ganesh Shivakoti (Tribhuvan University). In these projects, data are collected monthly from 5200 individuals in 1600 households; the content of the paper-based questionnaires is in Nepalese. In order to create user-friendly software for individuals whose experience in keyboarding, computers, and the English language is limited, the data entry screen was designed to duplicate the appearance of the Nepalese questionnaire. The use of clickable icons, display flow allowing for skip patterns, and automatic validation of typed responses enhance the speed and efficiency of both training and data entry.
NEW EXTERNAL RESEARCH FUNDING AT PRI
Psychobiology of Emotionality in Mothers and Children
Dr. Elizabeth Susman, Shibley Professor of Biobehavioral Health and professor of human development and nursing, is undertaking a study which examines longitudinally the influence of pre- and perinatal neuroendocrine, psychological and environmental processes as mechanisms involved in the outcomes of early childbearing. The specific aims are to examine continuity and change in gonadal and adrenal hormones and emotionality, from early pregnancy to four years postpartum; to identify environmental processes that mediate hormones and emotionality in the three-year follow-up; and to examine the influence of maternal prenatal adrenal and gonadal hormones and emotionality on the cognitive development of the 3-year-old children of adolescent mothers. The study is funded by the W.T. Grant Foundation.
Modeling DNA Diversity in Cardiovascular Health & Disease
Dr. Kenneth Weiss, Distinguished Professor of Anthropology and professor of genetics, and Dr. Andrew Clark, professor of biology, have received funding from NIH to study variation in disease-related genes in several human populations. Theirs is one component of a multinational and multi-institutional project to understand the amount and implications of variation in such genes in the general population. This study, which is thought to be the largest project ever to measure variation in entire genes and several populations, and to be population-based rather than clinic-based, will examine the entire DNA sequence of 12 to 15 genes related to coronary heart disease, studying critical variant sites in approximately 500 individuals. The goal is to identify genetic variants associated with heart disease risk that may have relatively subtle effects and be relatively common in the population. By studying variation in multiple ethnic groups of differing geographic origins, the investigators will also be able to gain an understanding of the historical factors responsible for, and the degree of difference in, genetic variation among different human populations.
Welfare Reform and the Well-Being of Children
Dr. Linda Burton, professor of human development and family studies and professor of sociology, is collaborating with Dr. Andrew Cherlin and Dr. Robert Moffitt at Johns Hopkins University; Dr. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale at University of Chicago; and Dr. William Julius Wilson at Harvard University to study the effects of welfare reform on children in Baltimore, Boston and Chicago over a five-year period. The investigators will interview 2100 poor families with children, two-thirds of them welfare recipients, and will reinterview them annually, adding a second cohort of 1,050 in year five. Primary funding for this project is provided by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, with additional funding from W. K. Kellogg and others.
American Community Survey
Dr. Daniel Lichter, professor of sociology and PRI director, and Dr. Diane McLaughlin, assistant professor of rural sociology, have been contracted by the Bureau of Census to analyze data collected in Fulton County, Pennsylvania as part of a new Bureau program. The program, called the American Community Survey (ACS), aims to make regular intercensal estimates for small geographic areas, and compare the quality of this data with that of the 1990 census long form for census tracts and small population groups. Dr. Lichter and Dr. McLaughlin will make comparisons based on standard methods of survey quality, and then on distributions of designated demographic, social, economic and housing characteristics. Patterns of differences between the two data sets and the reasons for these differences will be determined, and recommendations will be made as to how using ACS data, supplemented by summaries obtained from local program records, can improve the accuracy of estimates for Fulton County.
A Research Partnership in Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing and the Crime, Law, and Justice Program at Penn State
Dr. Barry Ruback, professor of crime, law & justice, received funding from the National Institute of Justice to perform a multimethod, multisubject, multisite evaluation of the use and effect of intermediate sanctions, especially victim restitution. The evaluation will include questionnaire measures from actors in the criminal justice system, interviews and surveys of victims, and offenders' attitudes and recidivism. A second evaluation project will assess the impact of changes in sentencing policies on the racial/ethnic composition of Pennsylvania's prisons, using a contextual analysis of arrests, convictions, and incarcerations during the past twelve years, a period of time encompassing three revisions in sentencing guidelines.
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Susman, E.J. (1997). "Modeling Developmental Complexity in Adolescence: Capturing the Future of Biology and Behavior in Context." Journal of Research on Adolescence 7:283-306.
PRInformation is published twice yearly by the Population Research Institute, Penn State. Please address correspondence to the editor, Tonya Allen, 601 Oswald Tower, Penn State, University Park, PA 16802-4900.
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