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Editor:
Tonya Allen
allen@pop.psu.edu
PRInformation Spring 2001 - Focus on PRI's Primary Datasets
Contents
- Note from the Director
- Faculty Focus
- Staff News
- Student News
- Alumni News
- Primary Data at PRI
- Articles of Interest
- New External Research Funding at PRI
- Selected Publications
Data sets and data analysis are the cornerstones of social science research. While government agencies continue to collect a vast amount of data and make much of it available for secondary analysis, individual investigators at research institutes such as PRI also play an invaluable role in data collection, as their research goals often dictate a unique focus that can cast new light on social issues. Researchers at Penn State's Population Research Institute recognize the importance of primary data collection, and PRI faculty and staff bring their expertise to bear on methodology, technology, security, and other issues related to data collection, analysis, and dissemination.
PRI currently is home to four major primary data sets, some still in the collection process while others are currently available for distribution. The Marital Instability over the Life Course study (Alan Booth (Sociology), David Johnson (University of Nebraska), Paul Amato (Sociology), Stacy Rogers (Sociology)), also referred to as the Work and Family Life Study, is one of the longest running national studies of marriage in existence, and the only such study containing detailed information on marital quality and interaction. Currently funded by the National Institute on Aging, a sixth wave of data is currently being collected, providing information about marriages spanning 20 years.
The Puerto Rican Maternal and Infant Health Study (Nancy Landale (Sociology), R. Salvador Oropesa (Sociology), Ana Luisa Davila (University of Puerto Rico)), funded primarily by the National Institute on Child Health and Human Development, is a cross-sectional study designed to provide information on the determinants of poor infant health among Puerto Ricans. Personal interview data were collected from 2,763 mothers of Puerto Rican infants sampled from the 1994 and 1995 birth and infant death records of six U.S. vital statistics reporting areas and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
The Tremin Trust Research Program on Women's Health (Phyllis Mansfield (Women's Studies and Health Education), Patricia Koch (Biobehavioral Health)) is one of the world's oldest ongoing research programs dedicated to studying this topic. This unique, intergenerational study was initiated in 1934 by Dr. Alan E. Treloar at the University of Minnesota with the purpose of documenting the normal menstrual cycle. Following women throughout their reproductive lives, it documents age at menarche, menstrual patterns over the life course, and the health outcomes for post-menopausal women.
The Welfare, Children & Families: A Three City Study (Ronald Angel (University of Texas), Linda Burton (Human Development & Family Studies and Sociology), P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale (Northwestern University), Andrew Cherlin (Johns Hopkins University), Robert Moffitt (Johns Hopkins University), William Julius Wilson (Harvard University)) is collecting data in Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio with the goal of evaluating the effect of welfare reform on the well-being of children and families and to follow these families as welfare evolves. Funded by an array of government agencies and foundations, this study integrates theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches to better understand the variety of ways that families respond to welfare reform.
In this issue of PRInformation we highlight our primary data sets and explore some of their unique aspects. For more information about these projects, please see our home page.
Mark D. Hayward
Director
New Faculty Affiliate
Dr. Eric Plutzer (Ph.D., Washington University), associate professor of political science and sociology. Research interests: political sociology, sex and gender, mass communication/public opinion.
Invited Speakers
Dr. Paul R. Amato, professor of sociology and demography, presented the following invited papers: February, 2001, "Divorce and Remarriage: A Longitudinal Perspective," at the Munich Conference on Family Psychology. November, 2000, "Good Enough Marriages: Parents' Marital Discord, Divorce, and Children's Long-term Well-being," at the Conference on Marriage: A Place for Policy? University of Virginia, Charlottesville. December, 2000, "Should Parents Stay Together? Marital Discord, Divorce, and Children's Long-term Well-being," Center on Family and Demography, Bowling Green State University.
Dr. Linda Burton, professor of human development and family studies and sociology, presented the Roberta Grothberg Simmons Memorial Lecture at the Society for Research on Adolescence.
Dr. Gordon F. De Jong, Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Demography and Director, Graduate Program in Demography, presented a lecture on "Expectations, Gender, and Norms in Migration Decision-Making," and developed a collaborative research project on internal migration with researchers of the Population and Development Program of the Government of South Africa's Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa in January, 2001.
Dr. Glenn Firebaugh, professor of sociology and demography, presented a two-day workshop on "Studying Change over Time with Longitudinal Survey Data" in November, 2000 in Mannheim, Germany.
Dr. Mark Hayward, professor of sociology and demography, and Director of the Population Research Institute, Dr. Mark Hill, assistant professor of sociology and demography, and Eileen M. Crimmins were invited to present their paper, "Racial Differences in Chronic Disease Experience: What Do We Miss by Focusing Investigations on Middle-Aged and Elderly Persons?" at the Johns Hopkins University workshop on Incomplete Data Estimation of Event History Models. Dr. Hayward was also invited to present his paper, "The Long Arm of Social Class: The Influence of Childhood Social and Economic Conditions on Men's Mortality" at Syracuse University.
Dr. Stephen A. Matthews, assistant professor of geography and demography and director, Geographic Information Analysis Core, was invited to the Heller Graduate School at Brandeis University (February, 2001) where he presented "Context and Research on the Family: Some Lessons from Exploring the Integration of Ethnography and GIS."
Dr. Stephen A. Matthews, assistant professor of geography and demography and director, Geographic Information Analysis Core, James Detwiler, GIA Consultant, and Dr. Linda Burton, professor of human development and family studies and sociology, were invited to present their paper "Viewing People and Places: Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Coupling Geographic Information Analysis and Ethnographic Research" at the inaugural GIS and Critical Geographic Research Conference held in New York (February, 2001).
Dr. Michael Rendall, associate professor of sociology and demography, was invited to present his paper "Combining Panel and Registration Data to Estimate Divorce as Part of Men's Marital and Parenting Life Courses" at the Johns Hopkins University workshop on Incomplete Data Estimation of Event History Models in December 2000.
Dr. R. Barry Ruback, professor of crime, law and justice and director, Center for Research on Crime and Justice, was invited to present his paper "Restitution in Pennsylvania: Predictors and Effects" at the Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency Research Symposium.
Dr. Robert Schoen, Hoffman Professor of Family Sociology and Demography, and Stefan Jonsson, graduate student in sociology and demography, were invited to present their paper "Estimating Probabilities from Population Distributions Using Iterative Proportional Fitting" at the Johns Hopkins University workshop on Incomplete Data Estimation of Event History Models in December 2000.
Awards and Recognition
Dr. Paul R. Amato, professor of sociology and demography, received the Reuben Hill Award from the National Council on Family Relations for the best article-length publication combining theory and research on the family in 1999. This is the second time Amato has received this award.
Dr. Linda Burton, professor of human development and family studies and sociology, received the Evan G. and Helen G. Pattishall Outstanding Research Achievement Award and presented the college-wide lecture, "Context, Generations, and Life Course Transitions: Reflections on America's Urban Poor Families," on March 15, 2001. Dr. Burton also was appointed to the Board of Directors of Zero to Three National Center for Infants, Toddlers, and Families; to the Advisory Board, Institute on Aging, University of Florida, and to the Task Force on Journal Diversity, American Sociological Association.
Dr. Gordon F. De Jong, Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Demography and Director, Graduate Program in Demography, received a first place award at the 2001 PAA meetings for his poster with Quynh-Giang Tran, "Warm Welcome, Cool Welcome: Regional Differences in Immigrant Receptivity Attitudes."
Dr. Robert Drago, professor of labor studies and industrial relations, was elected Board Member of the Alliance of Work/Life Professionals, 2001-2004; selected as Advisory Council Member, "100 Best Companies for Working Mothers," Working Mother magazine; and selected as the 2001 R.I. Downing Fellow, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, University of Melbourne (Australia).
Dr. George Farkas, professor of sociology, demography, and education, was appointed Chair of the Nominations Committee of the Section on the Sociology of Education, American Sociological Association.
Dr. Glenn Firebaugh, professor of sociology and demography, received the Faculty Scholars Award in the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University; and the Distinguished Article Award, Center for the Study of Inequality, Cornell University, for "Empirics of World Income Inequality," which appeared in the May, 1999 issue of American Journal of Sociology.
Dr. Mark Hill, assistant professor of sociology and demography, received the 2001 Roy C. Buck Award for his article "Color Differences in the Socioeconomic Status of African American Men: Results of a Longitudinal Study," published in Social Forces 78(4):1437-1460.
Dr. Nancy Landale, professor of sociology and demography, received the Distinction in the Social Sciences Award from College of Liberal Arts, The Pennsylvania State University.
Dr. Stephen A. Matthews, assistant professor of geography and demography and director, Geographic Information Analysis Core, has been invited to serve on Penn State's new Geographic Information System Council. The purpose of the council will be "to facilitate GIS related activities, facilitate preparation of large-scale proposals, to increase awareness of the uses of GIS, to identify the places on campus where expertise exists, and to define other GIS-related issues University wide."
Research Leaves
Dr. Constance A. Flanagan, associate professor of agricultural and extension education, to complete a book-length manuscript on the developmental foundations of social trust in civil society at the Russell Sage Foundation in New York.
Dr. Barrett A. Lee, professor and head of the Department of Sociology, to pursue two research projects, one concerned with the long-term fate of racially integrated neighborhoods and the other with the distribution of ethnic groups across larger spatial units; and to use these projects for the development of a new course tentatively titled, "Race, Ethnicity and Residence."
Dr. Joseph V. Terza, associate professor of economics, to develop and apply an econometric technique that is designed to overcome the technical difficulties that have previously precluded the unbiased estimation of the public cost-containment effects of Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations.
New Staff
Michael Rineer, Manager, Network and Information Systems.
Other News
Joe Broniszewski, Computer Core director, moderated a panel entitled "Data Security, Network Security, and Remote Access" during the member-initiated meetings of the 2001 Population Association of America annual meeting.
Jennifer Darragh, data archivist, attended the meetings of the Population Association of America in March, 2001.
Jim Detwiler, GIA consultant, qualified as an ESRI Authorized Arcview Spatial Analyst Instructor in January 2001.
Karen Hayslett-McCall, GIA consultant, received support from the conference organizers to present "Retrofitting Context and Integrating Spatial Models: A Re-Look at Contextual Effects in a Study of Victimization in Seattle" (with Dr. Stephen A. Matthews, Dr. R. Barry Ruback and M. C. Outlaw) at the International Crime Mapping Research Conference: Expanding the Boundaries (sponsored by NIJ), San Diego, CA, December 2000.
Diane Mattern, Administrative Assistant II, and Sherry Yocum, Coordinator, Research and Administrative Services, attended the Annual Society of Research Administrators Meeting in St. Louis, MO in October, 2000.
The programming team of PRI's Computer Core will present a demonstration of "SodaPop," PRI's SAS Online Data Archive for Population Studies, at the Penn State WEB 2001 Conference on June 26, 2001. This one-day annual conference brings Penn State Web developers together to share and learn about innovative uses of the Web, applications for Web development, and more. Last year's conference attracted more than 300 people from 15 of Penn State's campus locations.
Recent Appointments
Kishor Gajurel has accepted the position of Director of the Human and Natural Resources Studies Center at Kathmandu University, Nepal.
New Students in the Graduate Program in Demography
Nalini Chhetri, education theory and policy and demography
Elizabeth Gifford, health and human development and demography
Ching-Hua Ho, leisure studies (demography minor)
Rachel Lashbrook, anthropology and demography
Cassandra Logan, rural sociology and demography
Sule Ochai, agricultural economics and demography
Andrea Ryan, rural sociology and demography
Stacy Woodruff, sociology and demography
Students Present Research at PAA Meetings
Erica Gardner, "Public Health Insurance Expansions and Married Families with Children"
Stefan Jonsson (with Dr. Martina Morris), "Changes in Employment Relations and Demographic Composition of the U.S. Workforce" (poster). This presentation won a first-place award at the PAA meetings.
Cassandra A. Logan (with Dr. Anastasia Snyder), "Living with Parents or Living with a Male Partner: Birth Order and Living Arrangements among Unmarried Women"
Ismael Raynaldo Ortega-Sanchez, "Labor Outmigration Distortions in Agrarian Economies: The Case of Some Rural Areas in Mexico"
Quynh-Giang Tran (with Dr. Gordon F. De Jong), "Warm Welcome, Cool Welcome: Regional Differences in Immigrant Receptivity Attitudes" (poster). This presentation won a first-place award at the PAA meetings.
Mollie Van Loon, "The Effect of Residence on Teenage Childbearing in the United States: 1970, 1980 and 1990" (poster)
Qiuyan Wang, "Revisiting the Structure of American Households: 1985-2000" (poster)
Zhenmei Zhang (with Dr. Mark Hayward), "Race, Nativity, and Morbidity Patterns: The Effects of Health Selection, Acculturation and Socioeconomic Circumstances"
Samantha Friedman, assistant professor of sociology at The George Washington University, is spending the 2001 calendar year as an ASA/NSF/Census Bureau Fellow in the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division at the U.S. Bureau of the Census. During this year, Dr. Friedman is investigating the residential satisfaction and mobility of whites and blacks within metropolitan America as it relates to their neighborhood context, defined by census tract-level characteristics and by the characteristics of the ten immediate neighbors of each household. Her fellowship affords her special access to the geocoded, internal files of the American Housing Survey (AHS) which allows her to append census tract-level characteristics to the individual-level and neighbor-level information available within the public-use AHS files.
PRI investigators are currently collecting or distributing four primary data sets. For more information in addition to that provided below, please see our primary data web page.
Marital Instability over the Life Course
The Marital Instability Over the Life Course Study, also referred to as the Work and Family Life Study, is one of the longest running national studies of marriage in existence, and the only one with detailed information on marital quality and interaction. Commencing in 1980, this study is now completing its sixth wave of data collection on a panel of respondents who were between the ages of 18 and 55 in that year and their off-spring, and data for a new cohort of 2,000 respondents are currently being gathered. Wave I focused on the effects of wives' participation in the labor force on marriage and marital instability. The focus of Wave II, conducted in 1983, was to link changes in factors such as economic resources, wife's employment, presence of children, marital satisfaction, life goals, and health to actions intended to dissolve a marriage, such as divorce and permanent separation. Wave III, collected in 1988, further examined the impact of changes in employment, economics, and health on marital relationships. In 1992, a fourth wave of data was collected to look at changes in employment, economics, and health. Wave V data was collected in 1997. It included a fifth interview with the original sample, a second interview with offspring, and first interviews with offspring who have reached maturity since 1992. Wave VI data is currently being collected. This wave will include an expanded health measures section as well as a new cross section which will facilitate tracking of changes over the last 20 years.
This study has provided a wealth of information on historical changes in marriage and marital quality over a twenty-year period. Indicative of the scientific value of this study are the resulting 57 scientific journal articles, 5 book chapters, and an award-winning book, A Generation at Risk: Growing up in an Era of Family Upheaval, published thus far. The first four waves of data are available from ICPSR, and a fifth wave is available to scientific researchers, both at Penn State and elsewhere, subject to an approval process. The on-going nature of this study points to the continued impact it will have on scientific debates in this area over the next decade.
Puerto Rican Maternal and Infant Health
The Puerto Rican Maternal and Infant Health Study (PRMIHS) is a cross-sectional study designed to provide information on the determinants of poor infant health among Puerto Ricans. Infant mortality is one of the foremost public health problems in the United States today, with Puerto Ricans having significantly higher rates of low birth weight and infant mortality than other Hispanic groups. Despite these poor outcomes, little is known about the determinants of poor infant health among Puerto Ricans. The PRMIHS is designed to provide investigators with a rich source of data for population studies in this area.
Modeled on the National Maternal and Infant Health Study, so as to allow comparisons, the survey collected personal interview data from 2,763 mothers of Puerto Rican infants who had a live birth or infant death in the study area between July 1, 1994 and December 31, 1995. The PRMIHS drew stratified samples from live births and infant deaths that were registered in Connecticut, Florida, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York City, and Pennsylvania (states are those with the greatest number of births to Puerto Rican women each year), and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The live birth sample was stratified by vital statistics reporting area, month of the vital event, and infant birth weight (less than 2500 grams; 2500+ grams). The death sample included the full population of death cases in each vital statistics reporting area during the designated time frame.
Information was collected on infant mortality, birth weight, maternal health habits during pregnancy (e.g., nutrition, smoking, alcohol and drug use), prenatal care, well-baby care, illnesses and accidents during infancy, and infant development and behavior.
Special questionnaire modules were developed on topics that are of particular importance for understanding the Puerto Rican population, including migration experience, acculturation, marriage patterns, and social support. Although only recently out of the field, the scientific value of the PRMIHS is reflected in a number of recent publications in the American Sociological Review, Social Forces, Demography, and Social Science and Medicine. These data were publicly released in early 2001.
The Tremin Trust
The Tremin Trust Research Program on Women's Health is one of the world's oldest ongoing research programs dedicated to studying women's health. Initiated in 1934 by Dr. Alan E. Treloar at the University of Minnesota, this unique, intergenerational study was established to document the normal menstrual cycle. It has followed several thousand women throughout their reproductive lives.
Tremin Trust participants provide a wide variety of information related to menstruation and health. Initially, 2,350 University of Minnesota women volunteered to participate in the study. A second group of 1,600 women was enrolled between 1961-1963. In 1965, a panel of 1,000 native Alaskan women was invited to participate in the Trust. Women in the study range from their teens to mid-nineties and represent fifty states and twenty-five foreign countries.
The Tremin Trust is a longitudinal and intergenerational study. To date, there are 555 mother-daughter families, 95 mother-daughter-granddaughter families and 3 mother-daughter-granddaughter/great-granddaughter families in the database. Tremin Trust women have been unfailingly committed to the project with an 80-90 percent return rate on mailings. At present, 1,210 women are active record keepers in the Trust.
This project will give new insight into the patterns and causes of variation in women's experience of the menopausal transition, will yield a better understanding of how individual-level experience gives rise to population-level patterns of reproductive aging, will enrich clinical practice by providing information on how past menstrual patterns are linked to experience throughout the menopausal transition, and will provide a foundation for future epidemiological studies of the health consequences of patterns of reproductive aging.
Welfare, Children & Families
This purpose of this intensive study in Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio is to better understand the effects of welfare reform on the well-being of children and families, and to follow these families as welfare reform evolves. Strategies used to respond to welfare reform, in terms of employment, schooling or other forms of training, residential mobility, and fertility, will be investigated, as well as the effects of these strategies on children's lives, with an emphasis on their health and development as well as their need for, and use of, social services. The study comprises three interrelated components: longitudinal surveys, embedded development studies, and contextual, comparative ethnographic studies.
Dr. Linda Burton, professor of human development and family studies and sociology, is directing the ethnographic portion of the study, in which a research team observes the daily activities of 170 families. The data gathered will provide a detailed picture of welfare reform's effect on families and children, both in terms of the logistical issues facing parents as they comply with the new rules (e.g., improving job skills, conducting job searches, arranging child care) and the consequences of welfare reform on children's health and well-being.
This study is distinguished from others in a number of ways. It draws on theoretical models and conceptual frameworks from economics, child development, and sociology. It is explicitly designed to enhance the integration of qualitative and quantitative data to provide richness and depth to the core issues. The need to understand how families' neighborhoods shape and constrain behavior as well as individuals' interpretations of their neighborhood surroundings and their place in it has led to significant methodological innovation in terms of marrying of ethnographic data with GIS visualization techniques.
For the fourth consecutive year the GIA Core has organized the pre-PAA Conference GIS Workshop. Thirty attendees signed up for the one-day workshop held at the George Mason University - Arlington Campus on March 28, 2001.
NEW EXTERNAL RESEARCH FUNDING AT PRI
Econometric Analysis of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Preventive Intervention
Dr. Joseph Terza, associate professor of economics, received funding from NIAAA to conduct econometric investigations of four types of naturally occurring interventions that have the potential to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects: (1) the project will extend economics research on the effectiveness of alcohol tax and availability policies to examine their role in reducing alcohol consumption and abuse by pregnant women; (2) the project examines the extent to which alcohol consumption by pregnant women is reduced by state and local legislation requiring point of sale alcohol health warning signs; (3) the project employs econometric methodology to estimate the treatment effect of the receipt of physician advice on alcohol consumption by pregnant women; (4) the project re-visits the impact of the 1989 federal requirement of warning labels on alcohol beverage containers. Data from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (NMIHS) and the 1991 Longitudinal Follow-up Survey to the 1988 NMIHS will be analyzed. The results of the study will provide estimates of the effectiveness of current interventions, to provide information for policymakers on the relative benefits and costs of alternative approaches.
Restitution in Pennsylvania
Dr. R. Barry Ruback, professor of crime, law and justice and director, Center for Research on Crime and Justice, received funding from PCCD to examine the imposition, payment, and effect of restitution and fines in Allegheny, Montgomery, and Philadelphia Counties for the years 1994 and 1996. The information from these counties will be merged with data currently being collected in Blair, Centre, Dauphin, and Erie Counties. Data will also be collected on driving under the influence cases.
Social Context of Substance Abuse: A Multi-level Approach
Dr. Constance Flanagan, associate professor of agricultural and extension education, and Dr. Leslie Gallay, research assistant, have received funding from NIDA for five years to investigate how peer monitoring and intervening dissuades adolescents from behaviors that compromise health, and to study the roles of families and schools in promoting a sense of shared responsibility and adolescents' appreciation of the public dimensions of risk behavior. The investigators will conduct a longitudinal, developmental study of adolescents from different socioeconomic and racial/ethnic groups who will be recruited from 40 (urban and rural) schools in Pennsylvania.
Amato, P.R. (2000). "Consequences of Divorce for Adults and Children." Journal of Marriage & the Family 62:1269-1287.
Beck, F., C. Humphrey, and G. Firebaugh (2000). "The Effect of Absentee-ownership on Local Employment Change." Sociological Focus 33:385-407.
Blackwell, D. L., M.D. Hayward, and E.M. Crimmins. (2001). "Does Childhood Health Affect Chronic Morbidity in Later Life?" Social Science and Medicine 52:1269-1284.
Booth, A. and P.R. Amato (2001). "Parental Predivorce Relations and Offspring Postdivorce Well-Being." Journal of Marriage & the Family 63:197-212.
Booth, A., K. Carver, and D. Granger (2000). "Biosocial Perspectives on the Family." Journal of Marriage & the Family 62:1018-1034.
Burton, L.M. and R.L. Jarrett (2000). "In the Mix, Yet on the Margins: The Place of Family in Urban Neighborhood and Child Development Research." Journal of Marriage & the Family 62:1114-1135.
Clark, D., P. Clark, D. Day, and D.G. Shea (2000). "The Relationship between Health Care Reform and Nurses' Interest in Union Representation: The Role of Workplace Climate." Journal of Professional Nursing 16(2):92-96.
Dawes, M., M.M. Vanyukov, E.J. Susman, et al. (2000). "Drug Use Liability during Pubertal Development, Part 1: Epidemiology, Comorbidity, and the Initiation of Substance Use Disorder." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 61:3-14.
De Jong, G.F. (2000). "Expectations, Gender, and Norms in Migration Decision-Making." Population Studies 54:307-319.
De Jong, G.F. and A.B. Madamba (2001). "A Double Disadvantage? Minority Group, Immigration Status, and Underemployment in the United States." Social Science Quarterly 82:118-131.
Drago, R. (2000). "Trends in Working Time in the U.S.: A Policy Perspective." Labor Law Journal 51:212-218.
Drago, R. and J. Williams (2000). "A Half-Time Tenure Track Proposal." Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 32:46-51.
Findeis, J., A. Vandeman, J. Larson, and J. Runyan (Eds.) (2000). The Dynamics of Hired Farm Labor: Constraints and Community Responses. CAB-International.
Flanagan, C.A. (2000). "A Research Agenda for Families and Globalization: A New Social Contract?" In Myers-Walls, J.A. and P. Somlai (Eds.), Families as Educators for Global Citizenship. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.
Foster, E.M. (2000). "Is More Better than Less? An Analysis of Children's Mental Health Services." Health Services Research 35(5 Pt 2):1135-1158.
Foster, E.M. (2000). "Does the Continuum of Care Reduce Inpatient Length of Stay?" Evaluation and Program Planning 23:53-65.
Foster, E.M. and L. Bickman (2000). "Refining the Costs Analyses of the Fort Bragg Evaluation: The Impact of Cost Offset and Cost Shifting." Mental Health Services Research 2(1):13-25.
Gallo, J.J., R. Schoen, and R. Jones (2000). "Cognitive Impairment and Syndromal Depression in Estimates of Active Life Expectancy: The 13-Year Follow-Up of the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Sample." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 101:265-74.
Hartman, T.J., et al. (2001). "Effects of Long-Term Alpha-Tocopherol Supplementation on Serum Hormones in Older Men." The Prostate 46(1):33-38.
Hayward, M.D., E.M. Crimmins, T.P. Miles, and Y. Yu (2000). "The Significance of Socioeconomic Status in Explaining the Race Gap in Chronic Health Conditions." American Sociological Review 65:910-930.
Hoffman, S.D. and E.M. Foster (2000). "AFDC Benefits and Non-Marital Births to Young Women." Journal of Human Resources 35(2):376-391.
Hogan, D.P., R. Sun, and G.T. Cornwell (2000). "Sexual and Fertility Behaviors of American Females Aged 15-19 Years: 1985, 1990, and 1995." American Journal of Public Health 90:1421-1425.
Jayakody, R. and D. Stauffer (2000). "Mental Health Problems among Single Mothers: Implications for Welfare Reform." Journal of Social Issues 56(4):617-634.
Josseran, L., G. King, A. Velter, C. Dressen, and D. Grizeau (2000). "Smoking Behavior and Opinions of French General Practitioners." Journal of the National Medical Association 92:383-390
Kilbourne, B., P. England, G. Farkas, K. Beron, and D. Weir (2001). "Returns to Skill, Compensating Differentials, and Gender Bias: Effects of Occupational Characteristics on the Wages of White Women and Men." In D. Grusky (Ed.), Social Stratification in Sociological Perspective: Class, Race, and Gender. Westview Press.
Kim, Y.J. and R. Schoen (2000). "On the Quantum and Tempo of Fertility: Limits to the Bongaarts-Feeney Adjustment." Population and Development Review 26:554-59.
King, V., G.H. Elder, and R.D. Conger (2000). "Church, Family, and Friends." In G.H. Elder and R.D. Conger (Eds.), Children of the Land: Adversity and Success in Rural America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kulin, H.E., J.W. Finkelstein, E.J. Susman, et al. (2000). "The Role of Sex Hormones on the Control of Behavior during Human Puberty." In J.P. Bourguignon and T.M. Plant (Eds.), The Onset of Puberty in Perspective.
Landale, N.S. and R.S. Oropesa (2001). "Father Involvement in the Lives of Mainland Puerto Rican Children: Contributions of Nonresident, Cohabiting, and Married Fathers." Social Forces 79:945-968.
Landale, N.S., R.S. Oropesa, and B.K. Gorman (2000). "Migration and Infant Death: Assimilation or Selective Migration among Puerto Ricans?" American Sociological Review 65:888-909.
Lindsay, B.G. and P. Basak (2000). "Moments Determine the Tail of a Distribution (But Not Much Else)." American Statistician 54:248-251.
Marsiglio, W., P.R. Amato, R. Day, and M. Lamb (2000). "Scholarship on Fatherhood in the 1990s and Beyond." Journal of Marriage & the Family 62(4)1173-1191.
Matthews, S.A., G.P. Shivakoti, and N.B. Chhetri (2000). "Population Forces and Environmental Change: Observations from Western Chitwan, Nepal." Society and Natural Resources 13:763-775.
McLaughlin, D.K. and L. Jensen (2000). "Work History and U.S. Elders' Transitions Into Poverty." The Gerontologist 40(4):469-479.
Monaghan, J. and J.H. Cohen (2000). "Thirty Years of Ethnography in Greater Oaxaca." In The Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians. University of Texas Press.
Monahan, J., H.J. Steadman, E. Silver, et al. (2000). Rethinking Risk Assessment: The MacArthur Study of Mental Disorder and Violence. Oxford University Press.
Oropesa, R.S., N.S. Landale, B.K. Gorman, and M. Inkley (2000). "Prenatal Care among Puerto Ricans on the United States Mainland." Social Science & Medicine 51(12):1723-1739.
Plutzer, E. (2000). "Are Moral Voices Gendered? Care, Rights and Autonomy in Reproductive Decision Making." In S. Tolleson-Rinehart and J.J. Josephson (Eds.), Gender and Contemporary American Politics: Women, Men and the Political Process. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe.
Post, D. and S.L. Pong (2000). "Employment During Middle School: The Effects on Academic Achievement in the U.S. and Abroad." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 22(3):273-298.
Qu, A., B.G. Lindsay, and B. Li (2000). "Improving Generalised Estimating Equations Using Quadratic Inference Functions." Biometrika 87:823-836.
Rogers, S.J. and P.R. Amato (2000). "Have Changes in Gender Relations Affected Marital Quality?" Social Forces 79:731-753.
Ruback, R.B. and K. Menard (2001). "Rural/Urban Differences in Sexual Victimization and Reporting: Analyses Using UCR and Crisis Center Data." Criminal Justice and Behavior 28:13-155.
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PRInformation is published twice yearly by the Population Research Institute, Penn State. Please address correspondence to the editor, Tonya Allen, 601 Oswald Tower, Penn State, University Park, PA 16802-4900.
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